![]() Intermixed with the normal and abnormal muscle fibers is a great excess of fat and fibrous tissue. Microscopically, one finds atrophic fibers and large fibers which stain abnormally and show loss of striation. Grossly, the "pseudohypertrophic" muscles in the muscular dystrophy of childhood show loss of pigment and a "fish flesh" appearance. Increasing CITED4 is also able to prevent pathological hypertrophy through activating the mTOR pathway and upregulating anti-fibrotic miR-30d. The latter occurs after intensive use of muscles, as, for example, in weight lifters, and in certain diseases characterized by spasticity of muscles. The term "pseudohypertrophy" distinguishes this form of enlargement from real hypertrophy. Chapter 24 Cellular Physiology: Cellular Pathology HYPERPLASIA & HYPERTROPHY /hyperplasia-hypertrophy Two ways by which cells adapt to stress Often happen together in tissues with stem cells HYPERPLASIA Organ/tissue cells in number Only happens in organs with stem cells that can differentiate, mature Types Compensatory hyperplasia: in organs that regenerate (e.g. ![]() The enlarged muscles feel doughy on palpation and are weaker than normal. 1 In fact, it has been such a striking finding in many of the cases that a classification has been based on this sign ("pseudohypertrophic" and "atrophic" types). Adolescents and adults who are active in competitive sports often exhibit significant physiological cardiac hypertrophy with left ventricular wall thickness between 13 and 18 mm. ENLARGEMENT of muscles in progressive muscular dystrophy was noted in the earliest descriptions of the disease. Hypertrophy is described as pathologic when it is caused by disease or leads to impaired function.
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